Asian American Mongoloid. Small races in the Asian-American race

East Asian
	Most of China, Korea, Japan	skin color is average, dark-skinned but not dark; eye and hair color only dark; hair is straight and stiff; weak beard and mustache growth; horizontal profile of the face: the face is flattened and has a soft outline, it is oblong, not wide but high; epicanthus - up to 80% of people
North Asian
	russian Siberia and Central Asia, including Mongolia	slightly lighter pigmentation; light skin colors are often found; dark brown hair; light eyes are more common than in the previous minor race; horizontal profile of the face: flattened face; epicanthus is common; the growth of beard and mustache is less pronounced than in the previous group; face tall and wide
South Asian
	Southeast Asia, (south of China, Indochina), Indonesia.	Equatorial features appear. The skin is dark dark; hair and eyes are only dark; wide-haired coarse hair is often found; beard and mustache growth is generally weak; low face; prognostism is observed: lips are thick; horizontal profiling: flattened face; epicanthus is less common.
American
	both Americas, excluding the far north	The presence of obvious Mongoloid features with a number of features: skin color is average in intensity; pigmentation of hair and eyes is dark; hair is mostly straight and stiff, although there are also wavy hair, the growth of beard and mustache is weak; high face; there is no flatness of the face, a large, strongly protruding nose with a hump is characteristic; epicanthus is rare.
Arctic
	north America’s Arctic, Greenland, northeast. Eurasia	skin color is light, closer to average; the color of eyes and hair is dark; the face is flattened and rather tall; epicanthus is less common than among indigenous Siberian peoples; they occupy an intermediate position between the Siberian Mongoloids and the American Indians.

Small races in the equatorial race

Negro
	sub-Saharan Africa, without subtropical and tropical forests.	Dark pigmentation of the skin, hair and eyes (the darkest skin in the world); curly hair; growth of beard and mustache is below average; wide nose, thick lips, prognathism; weakening of the thickness of the skull bones
Central African
	The distribution zone of the Central African race (pygmies) of central Africa, the Congo basin, overgrown with tropical forests.	skin color is dark, but lighter than the Negro race; pigmentation of hair and eyes is dark; curly hair; average beard and mustache growth; the nose is wide, the lips are medium, but not thick; prognathism; body miniature, male height 140-145, female 137-139 cm.
South African
	Previously, almost the whole of southern Africa was the area of \u200b\u200bthe South African (Bushman) race, but the tribes were driven out by the Boers.	skin color is lighter than others, (yellowish-brown); curly hair, growth of beard and mustache is very weak; wide nose, lips thick; prognathism; a relatively flattened face; cheekbones and cheeks extended forward; epicanthus is common; early wrinkling of the face, by the age of 30 years deep wrinkles are laid on the face; steatopygia.
Australian
	Australia	dark pigmentation of the skin, eyes and hair, in some populations of children and adolescents blond hair; hair is wavy, strong growth of a beard and mustache; wide nose, thick lips, prognathism; strong development of the superciliary arches in men; the bones of the skull are massive; large body sizes, men 170 cm .; narrow physique with muscularity. Genetically most remote from African blacks
Vedoid
	Southeast. Asia, South India,	eyes, hair and skin are dark; wide nose; lips are thick; prognathism; broad-haired hair, the growth of a beard and mustache is not strong; weak eyebrow development; body length in men is 155 cm. The island population in forests and marshes unsuitable for agriculture.
Melanesian
	system of islands east of Australia	Dark pigmentation of the skin, hair, eyes; curly hair; the growth of the beard and mustache is stronger than the Negro, but weaker than the Australian races; wide nose; thick lips; prognathism; strong development of superciliary arches. In representatives of the Negro race, curly hair appears immediately after birth, and in Melanesian children under 6-7 years of age, hair is broad-wave.

Races arose during the intraspecific differentiation of the already established early Homo sapiens sapiens. In the Upper Paleolithic, there were only the rudiments of modern racial complexes, i.e. the processes of sapientation and racogenesis coincided only partially. Geneticist Templeton, based on DNA analysis, said that all of humanity is one. Racial differences are determined by insignificant genetic markers, which are entrenched in the human genomes due to climatic features of habitats and settlement features.

Thus, the reason for the differences in the White Sea-Baltic and Atlant-Baltic versions of the Eurasian race lies in the history of the formation of the population of Europe. Northern Europe was inhabited by 13-11 thousand years ago, because before that it was covered with a glacier. At first, the landscapes were tundra and forest-tundra. The main population came from Central Europe (protoeuropoids). The Atlanto-Baltic race was formed. The flow of the population of Trans-Urals - protomongoloid hunters - was also directed to the northeastern regions. As a result of mixing, the White-Baltic racial variant combines Caucasoid and a small fraction of the features of the Mongoloid race.

The special position of the Balkan-Caucasian minor race is that its representatives are the descendants of the ancient Caucasoid population. About 6 thousand years old The transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture began, first in the Mediterranean and Western Asia, where the population began to grow rapidly, which led to its migration to the north. Intermediate variants formed on the plains, and the mountain massifs preserved the ancient population, where ancient peculiar languages, ethnographic customs live. The territory of Southeast Asia was inhabited by equatorials, then the Mongoloids included the equatorial admixture in their composition by means of mestisation. The American continent was inhabited by less than 25,000 BP. People came after hunting prey from Northeast Asia (Chukotka, Siberia) on the land of Beringia during the last glaciation. Initially, the number of immigrants was 2-3 thousand people. Isolation at the end of glaciation led to the preservation of the ancient racial characteristics of protomongoloids, flattening of the face has not yet been formed. Protomongoloids of Asia formed later than the real Mongoloids. The Arctic race is the descendants of the last immigrants to America.

Research in the field of racial studies is of great scientific and moral importance. Equally important is the scientific justification of the failure of racist and nationalist theories about the superiority of some nations and races and the inferiority of others. Humanity, including all its races, belongs to one single stage of development of the human race.

The concept of ethnos (people) does not coincide with race. If race is a purely biological concept, then an ethnos is a phenomenon lying on the border of the biosphere and sociosphere, a historically formed association of people on a national geographic basis, with relatively stable characteristics of culture (including language) and psyche.

When distinguishing races of the first (large), second (small) and third order (subraces), as well as anthropological types, they are guided by the principle of the taxonomic value of racial attributes, depending on the time of formation of the racial trunk and the territory on which this attribute distinguishes groups of people. The later the trait formed, the less suitable it is to distinguish between large races. Thus, large races are distinguished primarily by the degree of pigmentation and structural features of the face and head, that is, by the signs of appearance that separate humanity from ancient times. Signs that can change on their own over time are not suitable for isolating races. (For example, zygomatic size, skull shape - top view).

The antiquity of the origin of a racial attribute is determined by the breadth of its geographical distribution. If it manifests itself in many populations of people on wide areas of the continent, this indicates an ancient and local formation. Attributes that change in a complex way are also an indicator of belonging to a large race.

Famous anthropologist N.N. Cheboksarov in 1951 gave a classification of racial types, which included three large races: the equatorial, or Australian-Negroid, Eurasian, or Caucasoid, Asian-American. Large races include a total of 22 minor races, or second-order races. In 1979, Cheboksarov considered it possible to separate the australoid race as a first-order race.

Big races

Equatorial race (Fig. IX. 1). Dark skin color, wavy or curly hair, wide, slightly protruding nose, low or medium nose, transverse nostrils, protruding upper lip, large mouth gap, teeth protruding forward.

The Eurasian race (Fig. IX. 2). Light or dark skin color, straight or wavy hair, abundant growth of a beard and mustache, narrow and sharply protruding nose, high nose, longitudinal arrangement of nostrils, straight upper lip, small mouth gap, thin lips. Often there are light eyes and hair. The teeth are set straight. Strong canine fossa. It makes up 2/3 of the population of the Earth.

Asian-American race (Fig. IX. 3). Dark skin tone, straight, often coarse hair, weak growth of beard and mustache, average nose width, low or medium nose, slightly protruding nose (in Asia) and strong (in America), straight upper lip, average lip thickness, flattening of the face, inner fold of the eyelid.

The spread of large races. The Eurasian race (before the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries) occupied Europe, North Africa, Near and Central Asia, the Middle East, India - a temperate and Mediterranean climate, often a maritime climate, mild winters.

The spread of the Asian-American race, - Asia, Southeast Asia, Indonesia, the Pacific Islands, Madagascar, North and South America - all climatic and geographical zones.

Territories occupied by the equatorial race - south of the tropic of Cancer in Africa, Indonesia, New Guinea, Melanesia, Australia (savannahs, rainforests, deserts, oceanic islands).

Minor races

Eurasian race

Atlanto-Baltic minor race. The area of \u200b\u200brace - Scandinavia, the British Isles, the northern regions of Western and Eastern Europe.

It is represented by Norwegians, Swedes, Scots, Icelanders, Danes, Russians, Belarusians, Baltic peoples, Northern French, Germans, Finns. The race is light-skinned, the eyes are most often fair, often blond hair. Beard growth is average and above average. Hair on the body - from medium to weak. The face and head are large (long-average); the face is long. The nose is narrow and straight, with a high nose. Depigmentation has occurred in the history of race formation.

White-Baltic minor race. Range - from the Baltic to the White Seas. The most light-pigmented race, especially the hair. The body length is less than that of the Atlantean-Baltic minor race, the face is wider and lower. Shorter nose, often with a concave back. This option is a direct descendant of the ancient population of Central and Northern Europe.

Central European minor race. Range - the whole of Europe, especially the North European Plain from the Atlantic to the Volga. The race is represented by Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Austrians, Northern Italians, Ukrainians, Russians. Darker hair color than the White-Baltic race. The head is moderately wide. The average size of the face. Beard growth is average and above average. Nose with a straight back and high nose, length varies.

Balkan-Caucasian minor race. The area is the Eurasian mountain belt. Body length is medium and above average. The hair is dark, often wavy. The eyes are dark and mixed shades. Strong tertiary hairline. Brachycephalic head (short). Face width - from medium to above average. The nose is large, with a convex back. The base of the nose and tip are down.

Indo-Mediterranean minor race. Range - some southern regions of Europe, North Africa, Arabia, a number of southern regions of Eurasia to India. It is represented by the Spaniards, Portuguese, Southern Italians, Algerians, Libyans, Egyptians, Iranians, Iraqis, Afghans, the peoples of Central Asia, and Indians. Body length is medium and below average. Skin color is dark. The hair is wavy. The eyes are dark. The tertiary hairline is moderate. The nose is straight and narrow, the nose is high. The eyeball is wide open. The middle part of the face prevails. The fold of the upper eyelid is poorly developed.

Laponoid minor race. Range - the north of Fennoscandia. The basis of the anthropological type of Lapps (Sami). In ancient times, widely distributed in the north of Europe. A mixture of Caucasoid and Mongoloid characters. The skin is light, the hair is dark, straight or broad-wave, soft. The eyes are dark or mixed shades. The tertiary hairline is weak. The head is large. The face is low. The nose is short and wide. The interorbital distance is wide. The body length is small. Legs are relatively short, arms are long, body is wide.

Asian American race

Pacific Mongoloids.

Far Eastern minor race. It is part of the population of Korea, China, Japan. Skin color is dark. The eyes are dark. Epicanthus is common. Tertiary hairline is very weak. Growth is average or above average. The face is narrow, medium width, tall, flat. High brain skull. The nose is long, with a straight back, slightly protruding.

South Asian minor race. The skin color is darker than that of the Far Eastern race. In comparison, the epicanthus is less characteristic: the face is less flattened and lower; lips are thicker; the nose is relatively wider. The skull is small and wide. The forehead is convex. The body length is small. Range - countries of South and Southeast Asia.

Northern Mongoloids

North Asian minor race. Skin color is lighter than that of the Pacific Mongoloids. The hair is dark and dark blond, straight and stiff. The face is tall and wide, very flat. The brain skull is not high. There is a very low portability. Frequently epicanthus. The eye section is small: Body length is medium and below average. It is part of many indigenous peoples of Siberia (Evenks, Yakutovs, Buryats).

Arctic minor race. It is part of the Eskimos, Chukchi, American Indians, Koryak. Pigmentation is darker than the North Asian minor race; the face is more driven. Hair is straight and stiff. Epicanthus is found in 50% of race representatives. The nose protrudes moderately. Wide lower jaw. Strongly developed skeleton and muscles. The body and arms are short. The chest is round.

American race

The area is a vast territory of America. Large nose, sometimes convex. The flatness of the face is moderate. Epicanthus is rare. The face and head are large. Massive body.

Australian Negroid Race

African blacks

Negro minor race. The area is the savannah and forest zone of Africa. Skin color is dark or very dark. Eye color is dark. Hair is very curly and spirally curled. The nose is wide in wings. Low and flat nose. The lips are thick. Strong alveolar prognathism. Tertiary hairline is medium and weak. The palpebral fissure is wide; eyeball protrudes somewhat. The interorbital distance is large. Body length average or above average. The limbs are long, the body is short. The pelvis is small.

Bushman minor race. The distribution area is the desert and semi-desert regions of South Africa. Yellowish brown skin color. Hair and eyes are dark. The hair is spiral-curled, weakly growing in length. The nose is wide, with a low nose. The tertiary cover is weak. The section of the eyes is smaller than that of the Negro race, an epicanthus is found. The face is small, somewhat flattened. Small lower jaw. Body length below average. Strong development of fat on the buttocks. Wrinkled skin. The Bushmen are the remnants of the ancient race of Africa from the Middle-Stone Age.

Negril minor race. Aborigines of the rainforest of Africa. Pigmentation and hair shape, like bushmen. The nose is wider, but protrudes more. The section of the eyes is significant, the eyeball protrudes strongly. Tertiary hairline is highly developed. Body length is very small, legs are short, arms are long. The joints are movable.

Oceanian Negroids

Australian minor race. Indigenous people of Australia. The skin color is dark, but lighter than that of the Negro race. Hair color - from brown to black. The shape of the hair - from wide-wavy and narrow-wavy and curl. The eyes are dark. Tertiary hairline is well developed on the face and weakly on the body. The nose is very wide, low nose. The section of the eyes is large; the position of the eyeball is deep. Lips of medium thickness. Jaws protrude forward. Body length is medium and above average. The body is short, the limbs are long. The chest is powerful, the muscles are well developed, the neck is short. The skull, unlike the skeleton, is very massive.

Melanesian minor race. Distribution area - New Guinea and the islands of Melanesia. Unlike Australians, curly hairs are shorter, the tertiary hairline is less developed. Papuans often have a large nose with a convex back and a lowered tip (similar to the Central Asian Caucasians).

Weddoid minor race. Range of the race - the islands of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, South India. It is a smaller version of the Australians. Moderately dark skin, wavy hair, medium thickness of lips, moderate protrusion of jaws. The nose in the wings is narrow, the nose is not too low. The tertiary hairline is weak. Body length is medium and below average. Often this race is combined with the Australian in one. In antiquity, both options were widespread.

Contact Races

At the junction of the areas of large races, contact races with a special classification are distinguished. In the territory where Caucasians and Mongoloids contact, the Ural and South Siberian minor races stand out; a mixture of Caucasians and Negroids gave the Ethiopian minor race; Caucasians and Veddoids are the Dravidian minor race.

Ural minor race. The area of \u200b\u200bthe race is the Urals, Trans-Urals, part of Western Siberia. The skin is fair. The hair is dark and dark blond, straight and broad-wave, often soft. Eye color - mixed and dark shades, a little light. The nose is straight or with a concave back, the tip is raised, the nose is of medium height. The face is small and relatively wide, low and moderately flattened. Lips of medium thickness. The tertiary hairline is weakened. The Ural race is similar to the laponoid, but people are larger and have a Mongoloid impurity. The Ural race is represented by Mansi, Khanty, Selkups, some Volga peoples, some peoples of the Altai-Sayan Highlands.

South Siberian minor race. The area of \u200b\u200bthe race is the steppes of Kazakhstan, the mountain regions of the Tien Shan, Altai-Sayan. The skin color is dark and swarthy. Hair and eye color, like the Ural race. Nose with a straight or convex back, large, middle-sized nose. The face is quite tall and wide. Hair is often straight and stiff. Average height. The option is more massive than the Ural. This race includes Kazakhs and Kyrgyz.

Ethiopian minor race. Distributed in East Africa. Skin color - with brown shades. The color of hair and eyes is dark. The hair is curly, shallow. Tertiary cover is weakened. The nose is straight, with a fairly high nose, not wide. The face is narrow, lips are of medium thickness. Body length average and above average; body is narrowly built. An ancient version of humanity (from the Middle and New Stone Age).

Dravidian (South Indian) minor race. Distribution area - South India at the junction of southern Caucasians and Veddoids. Leather brown shades. The hair is straight and wavy, the proportions of the face and its details tend to average values.

Ainu (Kuril) small race. Area - Hokkaido Island. Skin color - dark. The hair is dark, hard, wavy. The eyes are light brown. Epicanthus is rare or absent. The tertiary hairline is very strongly developed. The face is low, wide, slightly flattened. The nose, mouth and ears are large, lips are full. The arms are long, the legs are relatively short. The physique is massive. Ainu are sometimes considered a special big race; they are also classified as Caucasoids or Australoids.

Polynesian minor race. Range - Pacific Islands. New Zealand. The skin is dark, sometimes light or yellowish. The hair is dark, wavy or straight. The tertiary hairline on the body is weak, on the face is medium. The nose of the media is not protruding, relatively wide. Lips are full. Large body sizes. The question remains unclear which great races were included as mixing components in this option.

The population of the race. The total number of populations belonging to the equatorial races (without transitional and mixed forms) is about 260.1 million people (calculations were carried out by S.I. Brook with the participation of N.N. Cheboksarov in 1975-1976). The oceanic (australoid) branch accounts for 9.5 million people. Among Negroids, Negroes are the most numerous (250.2 million people, 215 million live in Africa, and 35 million in America). African pygmies (Negrilles) number about 200 thousand people, Bushmen - 250 thousand people. The most numerous in South and Southeast Asia are Veddoids - 5 million people, Melanesians and Papuans - 4.26 million people. Australians number about 50 thousand people, Ainu - about 20 thousand people.

The total number of populations transitioning between the equatorial and Caucasoid races is about 356.6 million people (the South Indian group - 220 million people, the Ethiopian group - 45 million people).

The total number of Caucasoid populations, not mixed or very little mixed with other large races, reaches 1803.5 million people. Bright Caucasians make up 140 million people, dark Caucasians - 1047.5 million people, the rest are transitional types. In the former USSR, Caucasians accounted for 220 million people, in foreign Europe - 478 million, in Africa - 107 million, in America - 303 million, in Australia and Oceania - 16.5 million people. Bright Caucasians dominate in northern Europe and North America, dark ones in the Caucasus, the countries of the Middle East, South Asia, southern Europe, Africa, and Latin America. Mixed and transitional forms between Caucasoid and Asian Mongoloids account for 44.8 million people. So, the South Siberian race totals 8.5 million people, the Ural - 13.1 million people.

The third main group of races - the Mongoloid - is estimated at 712.3 million people. Northern Mongoloids (continental) number 8 million people, the number of Pacific (Eastern) Mongoloids reaches 671.1 million people (most in China and Korea). The Arctic (Eskimo) group of types totals 150 thousand people (transitional between continental and Pacific Mongoloids). The American Mongoloids (sometimes distinguished by a particular large race) include approximately 33 million people.

The number of mixed and transitional forms between the Mongoloids and the equatorial races can be judged by the South Asian contact race connecting the eastern Mongoloids with Australoids, which totals 550.4 million people.

Polynesian - contact group has about 1 million people. It occupies a middle position between all the great races of mankind.

The number of all Mongoloid-equatorial populations is estimated at 674.1 million people.

According to the historical concept of race put forward by V.V. Bunac, races are not stable, but represent time-varying categories (Bunac, 1938). These changes are more than obvious in the modern rapidly changing world with its mass migrations and the crossbreeding of all possible racial types in vast contact zones, both natural and artificial, for example, in giant megacities. Nevertheless, complexes of racial attributes make it possible to quite clearly distinguish several major significant groups of mankind - large races. Omitting the long history of racial studies, skipping endless debates of specialists and taking into account the terminological abundance, we can state that even the very first racial classifications are not too different from the most modern ones. As before, according to the total set of features, humanity is divided into only a few large races - from three to five.

The unity of the equatorial (or Australian-Negroid) race has long been in serious doubt. According to the data of odontology and molecular genetics, the separation of the western equatorials (negroids proper) and the eastern equatorials (australoids or australo-melanesoids), related to each other even less than the western equatorials with “Caucasoids” or eastern equatorials with “Mongoloids,” is much more justified.

The framework of the Eurasian race (it is also Caucasian or Caucasian), surprisingly, was least of all subjected to revision by racial experts. Perhaps this is due to the fact that the racial experts themselves overwhelmingly regarded her, and its representatives have always been in front of the racial experts. True, it cannot be said that there should be any unanimity regarding the internal division of the Eurasian race - here different schemes can differ dramatically.

The Asian-American race (Mongoloid) is sometimes divided into Asian and American, although their deep kinship has always been too obvious. References to the greatest uniformity of this race in comparison with others often replace the description of real existing variability.

In addition, a number of races are “intermediate” or “specific” and cannot be strictly assigned to the “main” previous. As a matter of fact, their “non-mainstream” status is determined more by the number of their representatives and narrow-local distribution, rather than by morphological characters, which, in general, is incorrectly purely taxonomic, but has been widely entrenched in racial literature. The number of such races is not exactly known, but the classics were the separation of the East African (Ethiopian), South Indian (Dravidian), Polynesian and Kuril (Ainu), Ural and South Siberian races.

It is worth noting that the apparent uniformity of many races is often the result of poor knowledge, and not real monomorphism. Thus, little is said about the racial diversity of Negroids, although genetic data indicate that among them the number of types should be greater than in the rest of humanity. The Ethiopian race appears as a monolithic group in racial studies, although it also mentions the clinical variation of many features within this race, and the geographic and social range of this race breaks down into clearly defined zones in which unique types are more likely to exist. Little is known about the innumerable variations of the eastern equatorials, while the geographical and social isolation on the islands of Melanesia is simply obliged to express itself in the existence of many types. For example, the Fijian type was never described or distinguished by anyone, although its existence is more than obvious. It is extremely rare to mention the variability of the South Indian race, although the caste system in India, which has not survived to this day, obviously contributes to the emergence, preservation, and strengthening of differences between racial types that exist objectively but are not described by anyone. Although the Asian race is universally recognized as relatively unstable, the geography and ethnography of Southeast Asia and especially Indonesia in themselves imply great variability. Moreover, the actual transitions from the southern Mongoloids to the eastern equatorials were almost never described as separate types or races, and there are not one or two such transitional types. Almost never specified racial variation of the indigenous people of both Americas. The existing schemes for their fractional division, even in general terms, do not coincide much with each other, and in the details the discrepancies are simply amazing.

The situation is even worse with the recently emerged mixed types, although a considerable percentage of the Earth’s population now belongs to these types. Attempts to classify them were made, but so far only at the level of preliminary inventory.

In general, it can be stated that the racial variability of modern mankind has been studied extremely poorly! After such an introduction, I think it is not very surprising that the formation of racial complexes has been studied even worse, that is, it is extremely insufficient. The situation is aggravated by the fact that experts in anthropogenesis, as a rule, are not racial scientists, and racial scientists are not very oriented in paleoanthropological finds of great antiquity. This leads, for example, to situations where finds with a chronological difference of tens of thousands of years are directly compared. Nevertheless, an attempt to streamline the data available to date in this area is not without meaning.

The Asian-American, or Mongoloid, large race is distinguished by swarthy or light skin tones, straight, often hard hair, weak or very weak growth of beard and mustache, medium nose width, low or medium height nose, weakly protruding nose in Asian races and strong speakers - in American, with procheilia, average lip thickness, flattened face, strong protrusion of the cheekbones, large face sizes, the presence of an epicanthus. On the skull, the rinal index - medium, simotic - varies greatly, since the protrusion of the nose is very different in Asian Mongoloids and in Indians; the absence of types with low orbits is also characteristic; the facial skeleton is flattened, which is expressed, in particular, by a large nasomolar angle, the canine fossa is shallow, the sky is wide. A wide variety of pear-shaped opening widths is noted.

The area of \u200b\u200bthe Asian-American race covers East Asia, Indonesia, Central Asia, Siberia, America.

The Asian-American race is divided into several small races.

1. The North Asian race is distinguished among Asian-American races mainly by a smaller percentage of tight hair, lighter skin color, less dark hair and eyes, very weak beard growth and thin lips, large size and strong flattened face, high orbital pointer, large width of a pear-shaped hole , orthogonality, high vertical craniofacial pointer.

In the composition of the North Asian race, two very characteristic variants can be distinguished - the Baikal and Central Asian, which are significantly different from each other.

The Baikal type is characterized by less stiff hair, lighter pigmentation, weaker beard growth, a more flattened face, lower nose, and thinner lips. It would be possible to distinguish these types as separate races, however, with all these differences, both types are still less different from each other than each of them from the American, South Asian, Far Eastern, and Arctic races.

The Central Asian type is represented in various versions, some of which are close to the Baikal type, others - with the variants of the Arctic and Far Eastern races.

2. The Arctic (Eskimo) race differs from the North Asian race in stiffer hair, darker pigmentation of the skin and eyes, a lower frequency of the epicanthus, a slightly smaller zygomatic width, a narrower pear-shaped opening and a low nasal index on the skull, a less orthogonal face, a higher tolerance and more protruding nose, thicker lips, in general, more dolichocephalic skull.

3. The Far Eastern race, in comparison with the North Asian, is also characterized by tighter hair, darker pigmentation, thicker lips, mesognathy; it differs from both the North Asian and the Arctic, with a significantly narrower face. It is characterized by a large height of the skull, a slightly lower face and, accordingly, smaller values \u200b\u200bof the craniofacial index.

4. The South Asian race is characterized by an even sharper expression of those features that distinguish the Far Eastern race from the North Asian race - it is even darker, it has thickened lips, a shorter mesognate face, a smaller vertical craniofacial index. It differs from the Far Eastern race by its significantly higher nasal index, less flattened face and smaller stature.

5. The American race, varying greatly in many ways, is generally closest to the Arctic, but has some of its features in an even sharper form. So, the epicanthus is almost absent, the nose protrudes very strongly, the mesognathy is pronounced, the skin is very dark; The American race is characterized by large face sizes and noticeably less flatness. In the totality of these non-Mongoloid features, the American race, if we ignore its genesis, deserves to be distinguished as a special race that does not fit into the framework of the triple division.

Ethiopian, South Indian, South Siberian, Ural, Polynesian and Kuril are considered border between the three large races.

1. The Ethiopian (East African) race occupies a middle position between the equatorial and Eurasian large races in terms of skin and hair color. Skin color varies from light brown to dark chocolate, hair is often curly, but less spirally curled than blacks. Beard growth is weak or medium, lips are moderately thick. However, by facial features, this race is much closer to the Eurasian. So, the width of the nose varies in most cases from 35 to 37 mm, and the nasal index - from 69 to 76; a flattened nose is rare, prognathism is weak or absent, the face is narrow, the facial index is high. The shape of the head is dolichokephalic. Above average growth; The elongated type of body proportions is characteristic.

2. The South Indian (Dravidian) race, in general, is very similar to the Ethiopian, but differs in a more direct hair shape and somewhat smaller growth; the face is apparently slightly lower and slightly wider; the South Indian race occupies an intermediate place between the Veddoid and Indo-Mediterranean races.

3. The Ural race in many ways occupies a middle position between the White Sea-Baltic and North Asian races. In addition, the concave back of the nose is very characteristic of this race.

4. The South Siberian (Turanian) race is also intermediate between the Caucasoid and Mongoloid large races. A significant percentage of mixed eyes. However, with the general unsharp expression of the Mongolian features in this race, very large sizes of both the height of the face and the zygomatic width are observed, no less than in some variants of the North Asian race. In addition, a convex or straight back of the nose, medium in thickness of the lip, is characteristic.

5. The Polynesian race, in many systematic terms, is neutral; so, it is characterized by wavy hair, light brown, yellowish skin, moderately developed tertiary hair, a moderately protruding nose, mesognathia, lips are somewhat thicker than those of Europeans; prominent cheekbones; the Polynesian race is characterized by very high growth, large face sizes, a large absolute width of the nose, almost equal to the Negro, and a rather high nasal index, significantly smaller than that of blacks and larger than that of Europeans, i.e. approximately close to the upper limit the Mongoloid race. The skull is characterized by a large height of the cerebral layer.

6. The Kuril (Ainu) race in its neutral position among the races of the globe resembles a Polynesian race; however, some features of large races are sharply expressed in it. According to the very strong development of hair, it occupies one of the first places in the world. On the other hand, it is characterized by a flattened face, a shallow fossa fossa, a rather large percentage of epicanthus; hair combines great stiffness with a fairly significant waviness; it differs from the Polynesian race by its short stature.

The proposed classification (Roginsky, Levin, 1978) far from to the same extent in different sections reflects the anthropological composition of the world's population. Many ecumenical territories in anthropological terms are still very poorly studied, and most importantly - without following a unified methodology. Further studies will undoubtedly make a lot of changes and additions both to the characterization of individual races and to their mutual arrangement in the system.

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Anthropology
   Lecture notes Rostov-on-Don CONTENTS INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE OF LECTURES .. 9 HUMAN MORPHOLOGY .. 12 Topics

Anthropometry
   Anthropological research methods are based on anthropometry, or measurement of the size of the human body. According to the object that serves as the subject of measurement, somatometry is distinguished - measured

Anthropometric points on the head
   The apical vertex (v) is the highest point on the crown when the head is placed in the Frankfurt horizontal. Tragion tragion (t) - point above the upper edge of the tragus ear, le

Anthropometric points on the body
   Verkhnegrudnaya, suprasternale (sst) - a point on the upper edge of the jugular notch of the sternum (along the medial line). Medium sternal, mtsosternale (mst) - a point in the area of \u200b\u200bthe sternum body at the level of ver

Anthropometric points on the limbs
Shoulder, akromion (a) - the most protruding outwardly point on the edge of the acromial process of the scapula. Radial, radiale (r) - the highest point of the radial head. Styloid, stylion

Anthropometric points on the skull
   Of great importance is the orientation of the skull in a fixed plane (horizontal). The most common orientation in the so-called Frankfurt horizontal, in which the head should be fixed

Longitudinal body measurement
   To determine any longitudinal size, you must know the height of the upper and lower anthropometric points that limit this size. The difference between the height of their standing will be

Diameter measurement
   Measurement of head diameters The anteroposterior and transverse diameters of the head are measured with a small calico compass. When determining the anteroposterior diameter, the distance between the glabella and s

Body Girth Measurement
   When measuring girth sizes, it should be ensured that the centimeter tape with which the measurements are made lies horizontally and its zero division is in front of the subject

Body surface detection
   · To determine the surface of the body, the Boyd formula is widely used: · S \u003d 71.84 * W 0.425 * Н 0.725, · where: S - body area (cm2), Н - length

Measurement of skin-fat folds (caliperometry)
   The thickness of the subcutaneous fat fold is measured using a caliper or sliding compass (vernier caliper). In order to avoid errors, the measurement location is carefully determined. It is important to properly raise the skin

Brain
   An integral characteristic of the brain is its weight. Starting from the very first stages of intrauterine development and throughout all further growth, the brain is closer to its final weight by weight.

Eye area
   The upper and lower eyelids, the orbit, and the eye itself belong to the ocular region. In the thickness of both eyelids are laid, closer to their free edge, plates of very dense connective tissue - cartilage of the eyelids. At what

Nose area
   The size and shape of the external nose are an important diagnostic feature in anthropological studies, as they are highly variable: racial, age-gender, individual.

Auricle
   Well developed in mammals, the auricle in humans is partially reduced. The reduction process begins in monkeys. In the process of reduction, the length of the auricle decreases and changes.

Pigmentation
The color of the skin, hair, and iris depends on the distribution of the pigment melanin in them. Lack of melanin - albinism is a pathology. In the skin, melanin is formed in the cells of the germ layer

Body growth and development
   The growth and development of the body are complex phenomena, the results of many metabolic processes and cell multiplication, increase in their size, differentiation processes, morphogenesis, etc. These problems

General periodization of ontogenesis
   The development of evidence-based periodization of human ontogenesis is extremely complex. Obviously, only any traits — morphological, physiological, or biochemical — cannot

Biological age
   When describing the basic morphological features of a person at different age periods, as a rule, average indicators are used. However, individual differences in the processes of growth and development of m

Secondary sexual characteristics
   Biological age is widely determined by the degree of development of secondary sexual characteristics, since this is the most affordable estimate in mass examinations. Most often tracked

Skeletal age
   The most universal of all criteria of biological age is skeletal age, since it can be determined virtually throughout ontogenesis, starting from the uterine period and

Dental maturity
   Dental maturity is usually determined by counting the number of erupted teeth and comparing it with existing standards. Recently, new methods have been proposed for determining tooth

Physiological and biochemical criteria
   The ontogenetic changes are based on age-related transformations of metabolism and the main system of its regulation - neuroendocrine. Age-related decline in basal metabolism can be traced from a year to 18

Mental development
   The problem of the ratio of the rates of mental (emotional, mental) and physical development is of particular interest for human age biology, anthropology and pedagogy in connection with axel

Body aging
   Aging - a set of biological processes that occur in the organs and systems of the body in connection with age, reducing the body's abilities and increasing the likelihood of death. Aging - BP function

Species life span
   The species life expectancy in primates is closely correlated with the rate of aging: this can be shown by comparing macaques and humans; in the first case, aging of the musculoskeletal system prot

Acceleration
Acceleration - (lat. Accelerateratio - acceleration) - acceleration of somatic development and physiological maturation of children and adolescents noted over the past 100-150 years. This term was introduced in the literal.

Constitutional anthropology
   The human constitution is a combination of functional and morphological characteristics of the organism, formed on the basis of hereditary and acquired properties and determining the reactivity of the organism on

Body proportions
   The proportions of the body - the ratio of the sizes of its individual parts. They are determined on a living person by measuring the longitudinal and transverse projection dimensions between the boundary points, established

Age-related variation in body proportions
   It is known that newborn children have a relatively large head, a long, narrow body and short legs. In the process of age-related development, body proportions gradually change due to different

Sexual differences in body proportions
   When comparing the relative sizes of men and women, some gender differences are revealed. Women have slightly narrower shoulders and a much wider pelvis. On average, they have slightly shorter arms and legs, and their bodies

Body composition
   By body composition, most experts understand the ratio of the components of the weight of the human body. The doctrine of the composition of the human body is compared with a new section of morphology. Significant development e

Body weight
   The specific gravity of the body is very sensitive to changes in the ratio of components of body weight and quickly responds to these changes. By variations in the specific gravity of the body, conclusions can be drawn about changes in the physical

Physiological and biochemical correlations of body weight components
   Comparison of biochemical blood parameters with the main somatic components of the body, carried out by T.N. Alekseeva found that total lipids and cholesterol are characterized by a positive relationship

Morphological aspects of the constitution
   The doctrine of the constitution of man has a long history. Hippocrates, the founder of ancient Greek medicine, identified several types of constitutions: good and bad, strong and weak, dry and wet

Men's constitutions
   In describing male constitutions in Russia, the scheme of V.V. Bunaka. In total, three main types are distinguished: thoracic, muscular and abdominal - and 4 intermediate subtypes: thoracic and muscular,

Women's constitutions
   Of the working schemes of women's constitutions, the most proposed can be considered the scheme proposed back in 1927 by I. B. Galant. He proposed to distinguish among women 7 types of constitutions, grouped into 3 categories

Children's constitutions
   When diagnosing children's constitutions, either schemes intended for adults are used, unless the impossibility of their use for assessing children's constitutions is specifically stipulated, or special

Constitutions and physiological features
   In world literature, there is very little data on the physiological characteristics of individual types of constitution. It is believed that in men the highest level of oxidative processes is characteristic of breast and

Constitutions and Psychological Features
   The problem of the correlation of psychological characteristics and physique is most thoroughly developed by the German scientist Kretschmer and the American scientist Sheldon. Understanding the nature of the amount of

Anthropogenesis
   Anthropogenesis (from the Greek. Anthropos - man, genesis - development) - the process of evolution of the predecessors of modern man. Sometimes called anthropogenesis section of the science of man - anthropology,

Modern primates
   Of all mammals, primates (monkeys and semi-monkeys) are the most diverse and rich forms. But, despite the external differences, they are united by many common features of the body structure, which

Half-monkey suborder (Prosimii)
   This suborder includes the most primitive representatives of primates - dull, lemurs, tarsiers. Sometimes dull and lemurs are combined into a group of strepsyrin primates, which have nostrils in

Family Tupaiidae (Tupaiidae)
   The Malay word "tupaya" means "animal similar to a squirrel." Truly dullies are small, protein-like animals with an elongated body and short five-fingered limbs. On the fingers - with

Lemuridae family
   The family of lemurids, or lemur-like semi-monkeys, unites the lemurs proper, living in Madagascar and some of the small islands adjacent to it. These animals have thick hair

Family Indrisidae (Indrisidae)
   Indrisides have long hind limbs, with the help of which they move in large leaps on the ground, while the front legs are pulled up or forward. Fingers on the back are covered with hair;

Shank family (Daubentoniidae)
   Rukonozhkovy are also called an ai-ayl. In 1780, these animals were discovered by traveler Pierre Sonner on the west coast of the island of Madagascar. Madagascans themselves, whom Sonner showed caught

Lorisida family (Lorisidae)
Lorisides are divided into two subfamilies: Lorium lemurs (Lorisinae) with genera of thin Loris (Loris); thick lory (Nycticebus); periodicticus, or common potto (Perodicticus)

Family of tarsiers (Tarsiidae)
   The family consists of one genus of tarsin (Tarsins) with three species: tarsier Filipino, or syrihta (T. syrichta), tarsi banana (T. bancanus) and tarsier-ghost (T. spectrum); in

Suborder humanoid higher primates (Anthropoidea)
   The suborder of higher primates includes monkeys broad-nosed (Platyrrhina), or American, and narrow-nosed (Catarrhina), or African-Asian. This division is based on differences in their structure.

Marmoset family (Callitrichidae)
   Marmosets are the smallest monkeys. The largest of them are the lion marmosets (Leontidens) weighing 450-550 g, the length of the head and body of these monkeys is 22-37 cm, and the tail is 30-36 cm. In dwarf marmosets

Family Zebida (Cebidae)
   Zebids are characterized by medium body sizes and slender long legs. The tail is long and often grasping, with the exception of representatives of the genus Short-tailed Saki, or Wakari (Cacajao). The howler

Marmoset family (Cercopithecidae)
   The subfamily of monkey monkeys includes 8 genera. The genus of common macaques (Macaca) includes animals of medium and large sizes with a body weight of 3.5-18 kg, females are much smaller. For

Gibbon Family (Hylobatidae)
   The genus of true gibbons (Hylobates) includes 6 local species with 15 subspecies common in Southeast Asia. These are small and medium sized monkeys weighing 4-8 kg; head length and

Pongidae family (Pongidae)
   The family of large apes, or pongids, includes 3 genera: orangutans, chimpanzees, gorillas. The genus of orangutans (Pongo), like gibbons, is an Asian form of anthropoids. K n

Family People (Hominidae)
   The hominids are the most highly organized family of apes. It includes modern man, his predecessors - paleanthropes and archanthropes, as well as, according to most scientists, - and

Fossil primates
   The oldest primitive primates arose, obviously, at the end of the Cretaceous, and their further evolution proceeded throughout the Cenozoic era. The “great schism” of the mother that began in the Mesozoic

Lower primates
   As mentioned above, primates originate from the Upper Cretaceous insectivorous mammals. As a characteristic representative of this group and at the same time, perhaps, an ancestral form for

Fossil Tupai
   The most important finding is the Anagale (Anagale gobiensis) in the Oligocene of the Gobi Desert, Mongolia. The anagal skull, 6 cm long, had a great resemblance to a dull skull, but the dental formula is very primitive.

Fossil lemurs
   They are known both from the layers of the Tertiary period (Paleocene, Eocene, Miocene) of North America, Europe and Asia, and from the Quaternary - the island of Madagascar. Representatives of Plesiadapida (Plesiadapidae) Related

Fossil tarsiers
   Fossil tarsiers are known from the Paleocene and Eocene of North Africa and Europe, a total of 22 genera. A relic from those times is the modern tarsier, to which pseudo-lori and teto are close from fossils.

Higher primates
   Important material that allows us to understand how the characteristic features of man arose, which ultimately brought him beyond the animal world, give the fossil remains of ancient people, their

Fossil broad-nosed monkeys
   The first South American monkeys are known from the Oligocene - Branisella (Branisella) from Bolivia, dolichocebus (Dolichocebus) and tremacebus (Tremacebus) from Argentina and are similar to modern marmosets and cebuses

Lower narrow-nosed monkeys
   Fossil lower narrow-nosed monkeys are known in a fairly large number of forms from the Lower Oligocene, Pliocene and Pleistocene of the Old World, their oldest representative is apidium (Apidium phi

Fossil apes
   Fossil anthropoid apes are known only in the Old World, starting from the Lower Oligocene. Their oldest and most primitive representative is the parapithecus (Parapithecus fraasi) from the lower

Fossil hominids
   The first discovery of Australopithecus is the skull of a child from Taung Cave in South Africa, described by R. Darth in 1924. The find was attributed to the genus Australopithecus (Australopithecus, "Australo" - southern, "drink

Man's place in nature
   The eighteenth century enriched biological sciences, including human anatomy, with new facts, and most importantly with new points of view and fruitful ideas. For the first time, the scientific base for

Features of the structure of man, common with spinal
   It is well known that man belongs to the world of multicellular beings. Among the enormous number of multicellular forms, a person belongs to the group of two-sided symmetrical: the right and left halves

Structural features of humans common with mammals
According to the modern classification, vertebrates are divided into 6 classes: 1) cyclostomes, 2) fish, 3) amphibians, 4) reptiles, 5) birds, 6) mammals. Man belongs to the class of mammals, in which the entrance

Features of the structure of man, common with primates
   The limbs of primates and humans are five-fingered, with the thumb capable of more or less opposing the rest. Only in rare cases is there underdevelopment of the thumb and the transition to

Musculoskeletal system
   One of the most characteristic elements of the human body is its foot, which is the organ of support when standing, walking and running. The following main differences can be found in the skeleton of the foot

Brain
   One of the most characteristic features of a person that distinguishes him from anthropomorphic monkeys is the extremely strong development of the brain. If you keep in mind that by mass of bodies

Larynx
   The human larynx, having many common structural features with the larynx of higher monkeys, nevertheless has significant differences: the large size of both the upper and lower horns of the thyroid cartilage; have

Skull and teeth
   Compared to the face of a gorilla, chimpanzee and orangutan, a person’s face is small, especially when we compare the sizes of the facial and brain parts of the skull. These ratios are expressed in the following qi

Hair reduction
   The distribution of hair on the head, on the face and on the human body as a whole is quite characteristic for him and has no analogies among other primates. However, certain features of the hairline, resembling

The origin of human society
   When discussing the problem of the origin of human society, scientists are forced to rely heavily on speculative hypotheses and assumptions. These hypotheses, however, are not always unfounded.

Primitive human herd
   The historical reconstruction of the original human society is the most complex problem of primitive history. In the absence of any direct parallels, one can only judge it

The role of hunting in the primeval herd
   It is difficult to say which of the two branches of the economy of ancient and ancient people - gathering or hunting - was the basis of their life. Probably their ratio was not the same in different historical eras

The formation of primitive collectivism
   Although human ancestors were herd animals, their behavior was determined not only by herd animals, but, like the behavior of all animals, by purely selfish reflexes. This position could not save

Sexual relations
One of the main lines of struggle of biological and social principles in the primitive human herd was sexual relations. Here, animal instincts had to speak with special force, and, consequently

The emergence of thinking and speech
   The origin of thinking and speech is a complex problem in the history of primitive society, the difficulty of solving which is compounded by the presence at our disposal not of direct, but only indirect

The beginnings of ideological ideas
   An equally difficult problem is the reconstruction of the ideological ideas of the members of the primitive human herd. Neanderthal burials can play a large role in its solution.

The emergence of communal clan system
   Major shifts in the development of productive forces entailed no less major changes in the organization of society. The increased technical armament of man in his struggle with nature made possible

Marriage and family
   The question of the initial forms of family and marriage cannot yet be resolved quite unequivocally. At one time, Morgan outlined five successive family forms in the historical sequence:

Public relations
   By the time ethnography first began to study the early tribal community, the latter had undergone radical changes everywhere, associated with a change in geographical and especially historical

Power organization
   With the advent of dual exogamy, primitive society has gained a solid social structure. The amorphous human herd was replaced by a clearly defined and stable tribal community. Together with

Spiritual culture
   The completion of the process of sapientation and the emergence of a communal tribal system contributed to the development of not only social, but also the spiritual life of primitive mankind. The era of the early tribal community is marked

Ethnic Anthropology
   Ethnic anthropology, or racial science, studies the anthropological composition of the peoples of the globe in the present and past. The materials obtained as a result of this study make it possible to find out the genus

General concept of race
   All living humanity is, from a biological point of view, one species of Homo sapiens. This species breaks up into a number of smaller divisions called races. Representatives

Animal and human races
   As a result of numerous studies of the geographical variability of species of wild animals in the taxonomy of the animal world, a new understanding of the species has been established. The species is the main structure

Race and nation
It is necessary to strictly distinguish between two very different concepts - nation and race. People are united in a nation by a commonality of language, territory, economic life, and mental warehouse. Unlike a nation, there is a race with

The occurrence of symptoms
   Establishing with sufficient accuracy the fact of the appearance of a trait as a result of a new mutation in a person presents great difficulties in each case. To judge the mutation frequency,

Sign fixing
   The main reason that a newly emerging trait in a plant or animal is preserved, enhanced and made available to an increasing number of individuals is natural selection, or benefits

The effect of isolation on the concentration of the trait
   Isolation should be considered among other factors of the formation of races in humans on the basis of the following: 1. It can be considered established that the development of a primitive society went through

Distribution of signs
   The importance of the social factor manifested itself in a very sharp form in the process of distribution of signs in the territory. When a population group, for geographical and historical reasons, wounds

Mixing races
   One of the important factors in the formation of new types was mestization, the intensity of which increased with the increase of ethnic units. There are several areas of greatest mixing p

Equatorial big race
   The equatorial, or australia-negroid, large race is characterized, in general, by dark skin color, wavy or curly hair, a wide nose, low and medium nose, slightly protruding

Eurasian Greater Race
   The Eurasian, or Caucasoid, large race is characterized in general by light or dark skin color, straight or wavy, soft hair, abundant growth of beard and mustache, narrow, sharply protrusion

Australia and Oceania
   Australia. The native population of Australia is a collection of tribes that now live mainly in the desert regions of inland Australia, as well as in the north of the mainland. Their total number

America
   The modern population of America belongs to the following groups: 1) the pre-European population of America - the Eskimos and Indians; 2) descendants of European immigrants who resettled

Natural adaptations of man
   Each Habitat in which a person lives has its own climatic regime. On the globe, the distribution and change during the year of heat and cold, clear and cloudy days, wind and calm,

Temperature adaptations
The climate in which a person lives, in fact, consists of a number of climatic “shells” - the microclimate of his clothes, the microclimate of his residential and industrial premises and geographical macrocl

Overheating
   An immediate physiological reaction to overheating is an increase in heat transfer by the body. It is carried out, firstly, through the circulatory system and, secondly, through sweating. System role

Cooling
   The body’s immediate reactions to cooling are aimed at reducing heat transfer and increasing the amount of heat generated by the body, i.e., maintaining homeothermy. Not protected by a person

Thermal Adaptation Factors
   Anatomical signs. The size and shape of the body to some extent affect the intensity of heat transfer. Heat transfer due to convection and evaporation is greater, the larger the surface

Shortwave Adaptations
   The ultraviolet rays of the solar spectrum, as well as ionizing radiation - cosmic and emitted by radioactive elements contained in the air, greatly influence the human body.

Ultraviolet radiation
   Ultraviolet rays (wavelength shorter than 0, 32 microns) cause sunburn and burns. With a decrease in the wavelength, the erythematous effect of ultraviolet rays increases, reaching a maximum at 0.28 microns.

Ionizing radiation
   The radioactive background is the radiation of natural sources, which includes cosmic radiation and radiation emitted by natural materials - radium and thorium, located in the earth's crust, and t

Highland Adaptations
   One of the most interesting areas of human habitation is the highlands. Its features such as lowering atmospheric pressure, lack of oxygen, cold, disruption of the geochemical balance, lack of

Population density and population
   A wide variety of human ecosystems is reflected in the no less diversity in the number of its various populations. The data given in table 12 can serve as some illustration of the connection

Population Regulation
   The dynamics of the number of human populations can be very diverse: they can increase or decrease and can remain stable. Already in primitive human communities exist

Population control processes
   In communities with limited resources and conservative technology, fertility is such that, after a sufficiently long time, a situation in which the number of

Environmental performance
   The standard of living of a particular human community depends on the way in which a given community reaches equilibrium in certain environmental conditions. This balance may be

The Asian-American (or Mongoloid) large race is distinguished by swarthy or light skin tones, straight, often hard hair, weak or very weak growth of beard and mustache, medium nose width, low or medium height nose, weakly protruding nose in Asian races and strong protruding in Americans, with an average thickness of lips, a flattened face, strong protrusion of the cheekbones, large face sizes, the presence of an epicanthus.

The area of \u200b\u200bthe Asian-American race covers East Asia, Indonesia, Central Asia, Siberia, America. The Asian-American race is divided into several small races:

1) North Asian ",  lighter skin color, less dark hair and eyes, very weak growth of beard and thin lips, large size and strong flatness of the face. In the composition of the North Asian race, two very characteristic variants can be distinguished - the Baikal and the Central Asian, which are significantly different from each other.

The Baikal type is characterized by less stiff hair, light skin pigmentation, weak beard growth, low transference, and thin lips. The Central Asian type is represented in various versions, some of which are close to the Baikal type, others - with the variants of the Arctic and Far Eastern races;

• 2) arctic (Eskimo)  the race differs from the North Asian in more rigid hair, darker pigmentation of the skin and eyes, a lower frequency of epicanthus, a slightly smaller zygomatic width, a narrow nasal pear-shaped opening, a high tolerance and a more protruding nose, thick lips;
• 3) far Eastern  compared with the North Asian, the race is characterized by stiffer hair, darker skin pigmentation, thicker lips, and a narrower face. Typical for her is a large height of the skull, but a small face;
• 4) south Asian  the race is characterized by even sharper severity of those features that distinguish the Far Eastern race from the North Asian race - a large swarthy, more thickened lips. It differs from the Far Eastern race in a less flattened face and smaller stature;
• 5) american the race, varying greatly in many ways, is generally closest to the Arctic, but has some of its features in an even more pronounced form. So, the epicanthus is almost absent, the nose is very strong, the skin is very dark. The American race is characterized by large face sizes and noticeably less flatness.

Consider races intermediate between three large races:

• ethiopian (East African)  the race occupies a middle position between the equatorial and Eurasian large races in terms of skin and hair color. Skin color varies from light brown to dark chocolate, hair is often curly, but less spirally curled than blacks. Beard growth is weak or medium, lips are moderately thick. However, by facial features, this race is closer to the Eurasian. So, the width of the nose in most cases varies from 35 to 37 mm, the flattened shape of the nose is rare, the face is narrow, growth is above average, the elongated type of body proportions is characteristic;
• south indian  the (Dravidian) race is generally very similar to the Ethiopian, but differs in a more direct hair shape and somewhat smaller growth; the face is slightly smaller and slightly wider; the South Indian race is intermediate between the Vedoid and Indo-Mediterranean races;
• ural  the race in many ways occupies a middle position between the White Sea-Baltic and North Asian races; the concave back of the nose is very characteristic of this race;
• south siberian  The (Turanian) race is also intermediate between the Eurasian and Asian-American large races. A significant percentage of mixed races. However, with the general unsharp expression of the Mongolian features in this race, very large face sizes are observed, but smaller than some variants of the North Asian race; in addition, a convex or straight back of the nose, medium in thickness of the lip, is characteristic;
• polynesian  the race is neutral in many systematic features; it is characterized by wavy hair, light brown, yellowish skin, moderately developed tertiary hair, a moderately protruding nose, lips are somewhat thicker than those of Europeans; prominent cheekbones; very high growth, large face sizes, large absolute width of the nose, rather high nasal index, much smaller than that of blacks and larger than that of Europeans;
• kuril the (Ainu) race in its neutral position among the races of the globe resembles the Polynesian; however, some features of large races are sharply expressed in it. According to the very strong development of hair, it occupies one of the first places in the world. On the other hand, it is characterized by a flattened face, a shallow fossa fossa, a rather large percentage of epicanthus; hair is stiff and significantly wavy; short stature.